In the current technological environment, which is defined by the integration of CMOS and emerging technologies for portable ultra-low-power electronic devices, there is a continuous effort to assess the advantages of transitioning from power-intensive, robust, and resilient CMOS-based circuits to the energy-efficient emerging technology alternatives.

Graphene has emerged as a highly promising material for ultra-low-power nano-electronics, owing to its exceptional characteristics such as ballistic transport, flexibility, and biocompatibility.